Tanzanian opposition leader Tundu Lissu was sentenced to four years in prison on Friday for inciting unrest, avoiding the heavier charge of treason that carries the death penalty, in a case that has drawn international condemnation.

Tanzania was considered one of the more stable democracies in Africa but has seen its reputation plummet as the long-ruling government has cracked down brutally on the opposition and protests.

Lissu, head of the main opposition party, Chadema, was arrested ahead of last year's presidential election on treason charges and has spent 19 months in jail.

The court said he was not guilty of treason, but instead convicted him of incitement -- even though it was not among the charges in the case -- and sentenced him to four years in prison.

"We are satisfied that through his statements, the accused intended to disrupt elections and instigate violence," the judge told a courtroom packed with his supporters.

Lissu responded that the trial was "political persecution", accusing the judges of following orders from the government of President Samia Suluhu Hassan.

"Excuses were created to imprison me," he told the court.

"I was not charged with incitement but you judges are convicting me with it just to impress the person who gives you the titles. I believe these were directives," he said.

Hassan's government carried out a wave of arrests and abductions targeting opponents and critics ahead of the vote in October 2025, sparking huge protests during the election, which she ultimately won with 98 percent of the vote.

Authorities responded with security forces killing thousands, according to the opposition and rights groups. The government puts the death toll at 518.

Security was heightened across the commercial capital, Dar es Salaam, and around the courthouse ahead of the verdict, with police warning against "those who want to stage a coup".

Analysts had warned that a treason conviction could trigger further unrest in the east African nation.

"It's a dark day for the rule of law and good governance in Tanzania,' said opposition lawmaker Ado Shaibu, secretary general of the ACT-Wazalendo party.

'Political repression'

The case drew criticism from British and European Union lawmakers, who described it as politically motivated and called for Lissu's immediate release.

"The use of capital punishment against a political opponent risks turning the justice system into an instrument of political repression," the lawmakers wrote in a letter to Tanzania's president.

"I am closely following the outcome of Tundu Lissu's trial proceedings, and the broader implications for the rule of law," US ambassador to Tanzania William Trachman posted on X.

It marked the third high-profile treason trial in mainland Tanzania's history.

The first two, in the 1970s and 1980s, involved defendants accused of plotting to overthrow and assassinate the country's founding president, Julius Nyerere.

This was the first time that Lissu, 58, faced such serious charges, despite repeated arrests.

In 2017, he survived an assassination attempt in which he was shot 16 times, an attack he believes was politically motivated and which required him to undergo nearly 20 surgeries.

Tanzania opposition leader jailed for four years after treason acquittal

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